Introduction

History

In the 1970s the United States Department of Defense (DOD) suffered from an explosion of the number of programming languages, with different projects using different and non-standard dialects or language subsets / supersets. The DOD decided to solve this problem by issuing a request for proposals for a common, modern programming language. The winning proposal was one submitted by Jean Ichbiah from CII Honeywell-Bull.

The first Ada standard was issued in 1983; it was subsequently revised and enhanced in 1995, 2005 and 2012, with each revision bringing useful new features.

This tutorial will focus on Ada 2012 as a whole, rather than teaching different versions of the language.

Ada today

Today, Ada is heavily used in embedded real-time systems, many of which are safety critical. While Ada is and can be used as a general-purpose language, it will really shine in low-level applications:

• Embedded systems with low memory requirements (no garbage collector allowed).

• Direct interfacing with hardware.

• Soft or hard real-time systems.

• Low-level systems programming.

Specific domains seeing Ada usage include Aerospace & Defense, civil aviation, rail, and many others. These applications require a high degree of safety: a software defect is not just an annoyance, but may have severe consequences. Ada provides safety features that detect defects at an early stage — usually at compilation time or using static analysis tools. Ada can also be used to create applications in a variety of other areas, such as:

• Video game programming

• Real-time audio

• Kernel modules

This is a non-comprehensive list that hopefully sheds light on which kind of programming Ada is good at.

In terms of modern languages, the closest in terms of targets and level of abstraction are probably C++ and Rust.

Philosophy

Ada's philosophy is different from most other languages. Underlying Ada's design are principles that include the following:

• Readability is more important than conciseness. Syntactically this shows through the fact that keywords are preferred to symbols, that no keyword is an abbreviation, etc.

• Very strong typing. It is very easy to introduce new types in Ada, with the benefit of preventing data usage errors.

  • It is similar to many functional languages in that regard, except that the programmer has to be much more explicit about typing in Ada, because there is almost no type inference.

• Explicit is better than implicit. Although this is a Python commandment, Ada takes it way further than any language we know of:

  • There is mostly no structural typing, and most types need to be explicitly named by the programmer.

  • As previously said, there is mostly no type inference.

  • Semantics are very well defined, and undefined behavior is limited to an absolute minimum.

  • The programmer can generally give a lot of information about what their program means to the compiler (and other programmers). This allows the compiler to be extremely helpful (read: strict) with the programmer.

During this course, we will explain the individual language features that are building blocks for that philosophy.

SPARK

While this class is solely about the Ada language, it is worth mentioning that another language, extremely close to and interoperable with Ada, exists: the SPARK language.

SPARK is a subset of Ada, designed so that the code written in SPARK is amenable to automatic proof. This provides a level of assurance with regard to the correctness of your code that is much higher than with a regular programming language.

There is a dedicated course for the SPARK language but keep in mind that every time we speak about the specification power of Ada during this course, it is power that you can leverage in SPARK to help proving the correctness of program properties ranging from absence of run-time errors to compliance with formally specified functional requirements.